Plagiarism

What is plagiarism

WHAT IS PLAGIARISM?

According to avoiding plagiarism, self-plagiarism, and other questionable writing practices: A guide to ethical writing, 2011, plagiarism is defined as submission of certain amount or portion of texts without acknowledgement of the respective author.

Read more: http://www.insidehighered.com/news/2012/10/22/berkeley-launches-plagiarism-investigation-light-public-nature-complaints#ixzz33Yst1S53
Inside Higher Ed

Besides that, Alexandra Tilsley claims that the allegations are not of direct, copy-and-paste plagiarism, but of using ideas without proper citation. (Alexandra Tilsley, october 22, 2012,

Publicizing (Alleged) Plagiarism)

Furthermore, according to Suarez, J. and Martin, A. (2001). Internet Plagiarism: A Teacher's Combat Guide. 1(4), plagiarism can also be defined as information which is copied from sources without appropriate documentation. For example, according to Rhoten, S. (1997). Student Guide To Avoiding Plagiarism: How To Write An Effective Research Paper. 1st ed. [ebook] p.2, information which fails to use quotation marks if words or texts are directly quoted is considered as plagiarism.

IS PLAGIARISM A RIGHT THING TO DO?

According to Combating Plagiarism (sept13, 2003, Volume 13, No. 32, Pages 773-796), research has found out that students claimed plagiarism is wrong which is shown in the table below.

CITE:

1. Avoiding plagiarism, self-plagiarism, and other questionable writing practices: A guide to ethical writing, 2011)

2. SUAREZ and MARTIN, 2001

3. Rhoten, 2014
4.Alexandra Tilsley, october 22, 2012

REFERENCE LINK:

Causes of plagiarism

Causes of Plagiarism

1. According to Council of Writing Program Administrators, January, 2003, Defining and avoiding plagiarism. Available at :http://wpacouncil.org/positions/WPAplagiarism.pdf, shows several reasons why students plagiarise.

· Students are not confident with their own work.

Julia G. Thompson stated that for many students, the fear of their work not being "good enough" is paralyzing. ( Julia G, Thompson. (2014). 28 Ways to Build Persistent & Confident Students) They may find that using own work will get them into failure in their university works. Hence, the students may think that using own task is one of the action which takes high risks to themselves.

· The presentations of some lecturers may cause students feel that assignments are so particularized indirectly.

· Students may not know what are the consequences of plagiarizing

Therefore, it causes students to not fear about the punishments or penalties of fully plagiarizing. However, as Michael Matto(Faculty Tips on Preventing Plagiarism) claims, sometimes student may simply not care about getting punished even though they knew the consequences.

· Lecturers and institutions may fail or have difficulty to search out every plagiarisms that did by students.

The lecturers and institutions fail to enforce any appropriate penalties to the students who did plagiarize. Therefore, it may causes students to not feel guilty or afraid of starting and continuing plagiarizing in the further assignments.

2.According to Dr.Jun Wang,2001, What is plagiarism and how to prevent it. Available at: http://www.deltacollege.edu/dept/library/IC/documents/PlagiarismPreventionWorkshopforStudents.pdf, states that:

· Students are lack of skills in managing and planning their time.

All of the work tasks will be accumulated till the due date. At the end, the students believe that they have no time to complete by their own and then start plagiarizing.

3.According to Eugene, 2011, Top reason why plagiarism occurs. Available at: http://blog.plagiarisma.net/2011/top-reasons-why-plagiarism-occurs/, mentions that:

· Students lack of knowledge about plagiarism

Normally for first year undergraduates, they are not familiar about the system of their respective referencing system, causing them to commit in the crime of plagiarism.

· Students lack knowledge about citations

Plagiarism can be easily avoided by proper citations. However, students may not know the usage of proper citations when applying on their assignments.

· Internet is a good medium to get sources

MacLeod calls ‘a rising tide of plagiarism, fuelled by easy Internet access’. (MacLeod 2004).
Students find out that getting sources from internet is the most efficient and effective way. Hence, students who are lack of the skill of citation will completely copy all the sources from the internet and apply it on their own assignment as their own without giving credits to the authors.

4.According to Ashworth and Bannister (1997), students have difficulty integrating new information into their own work or writing. This will lead to student having the urge to information from others work.

5.According to Universities Libraries (2012). University of Connecticut Libraries: Instruction and Information Literacy. [online] Available at: http://www.lib.uconn.edu/instruction/PlagFac.htm stated that:

Students might have confusion about how to properly cite sources, including inexperience in distinguishing between a paraphrase, summary, and "common knowledge.

In this case, student will skip citing sources and crediting others work.

Cultural differences among international students who assume that copying is acceptable.

In some country it is not strict in plagiarism, however, in some country, plagiarism is considered as crime.

Reference list:

1. Anon, (2014). 1st ed. [ebook] Available at: http://www.kent.ac.uk/ai/staff/plaghand.pdf [Accessed 3 Jun. 2014].

2. Julia G, Thompson. (2014). 28 Ways to Build Persistent & Confident Students. [online] Teaching. Available at: http://teaching.monster.com/benefits/articles/10348-28-ways-to-build-persistent-confident-students [Accessed 3 Jun. 2014].

3. Amrita, M. (2007). Developing Students' Awareness of Plagiarism: Crisis and Opportunities, Amrita Madray. [online] Webpages.uidaho.edu. Available at: http://www.webpages.uidaho.edu/~mbolin/madray.htm [Accessed 3 Jun. 2014].

4. University of Connecticut Libraries: Instruction and Information Literacy. [online] Available at: http://www.lib.uconn.edu/instruction/PlagFac.htm [Accessed 3 Jun. 2014]

5. Council of Writing Program Administrators, January, 2003, Defining and avoiding plagiarism. Available at :http://wpacouncil.org/positions/WPAplagiarism.pdf

6. Dr.Jun Wang,2001, What is plagiarism and how to prevent it. Available at: http://www.deltacollege.edu/dept/library/IC/documents/PlagiarismPreventionWorkshopforStudents.pdf

7. Eugene, 2011, Top reason why plagiarism occurs. Available at: http://blog.plagiarisma.net/2011/top-reasons-why-plagiarism-occurs/

8. Michael, M. (2009). 1st ed. [ebook] Available at: http://academics.adelphi.edu/academicintegrity/pdfs/prevent_plagiarism.pdf [Accessed 3 Jun. 2014].

Example of plagiarism

Examples of Plagiarism

1.According to The university of Melbourne, December 2011, Academy honesty and plagiarism. Available at: https://academichonesty.unimelb.edu.au/plagiarism.html , claims that:

· Copying directly certain paragraphs or sentences or significant parts from others without getting permission from the author.

· Submitting all or part of other’s works as your own original work.

· Combining statements from different sources and representing as an own work.

2.According to Niles Township High Schools, 2014, What are some examples of cheating and plagiarism. Available at: http://www.niles-hs.k12.il.us/district/academic-integrity/examples-cheating-and-plagiarism , gives information about:

· Failure in citing with quotation marks the sources from others.

· Failure in identifying respective authors in a work.

· Failure in citing materials used at the end of the work.

3.According to EnglishClub, 1997, What is plagiarism. Available at: http://www.englishclub.com/writing/plagiarism.htm , posts that:

· Presenting statement in own words without any references

· Purchasing others’ work and treat it as your own.

4.According to Department of Chemistry University of Toronto, 2014, Plagiarism: Definitions, Examples and Penalties. Available at:
http://www.chem.utoronto.ca/undergrad/plagiarism.php , tells that:

· Copying or reusing works from previous semester

Consequences of plagiarism

Consequences of plagiarism

Ruin student reputation

Jessica Merritt(April 9th, 2014) claims that " Reputation is an valuable asset." Student can be suspended or expelled with the act of plagiarism. The academic record could also be affected and this could lead to a more concrete barrel towards pursue of higher level education. This is due to higher level education takes plagiarism more seriously. Suspension is commonly used towards student that violate for the first time, further violation are usually expelled by the school.(iThenticate, 6 consequences of Plagiarism)

U.S.News posted in 14 August 2008, a student from Ohio University was expelled after being accused for plagiarism. She was found taking three sentence fragments verbatim from Wikipedia and paraphrasing a movie synopsis from the site. Her appeal was also dismissed.

Recent research stated by Rebecca Attwood that Higher Education Academy and Joint Information Systems Committee, 2008, studied that in a survey of 93 UK higher education institutions, a total of 9,229 cases of plagiarism were recorded in one year, and 143 students were kicked out.

Destroyed Professional Reputation

Impact from plagiarism for business person, politician, or public figure may follows them for entire career. They will be criticise and likely to be demoted. They will also more likely to have difficulty obtaining another respectable job, making any kind of meaningful career impossible. (iThenticate, 6 consequences of plagiarism)

The Amherst Student’s News reported in 17 September 2012 that a former professor Carleen Basler resigned from the college due to plagiarism. Former professor Carleen Basler admitted that her written work contained unattributed verbatim quotations and improper references of other scholars’ work. "Teacher management is important" posted by reputation.com(2014).

Legal Repercussion

Legal reflection for plagiarism can be very impactful because copyright laws are absolute. In some cases, plagiarism could be determined as criminal offense that lead to prison sentence as an author has the right to sue a plagiarist due to copyright laws. (iThenticate, 6 consequences of plagiarism)

As Moriarty,J. posted on 12 of July in 2012 about the law sues from author Adrian Jacobs against JK Rowling in June 2009. The sue was about the fourth book in the Potter series, The Goblet of Fire, by JK Rowling, was copied heavily from Jacob’s previously published novel The Adventures of Willy the Wizard: Livid Land. Both content contain about the main character went through a dozen of challenges to save friends. However, in 2011, cases was declared dismiss due to lack of evidence. Despite of that, JK Rowling reputation was harmed. Douglas MacAurthur(1964) emphasized that " you are remembered for the rules you break."

Reference list:

1.      6 Consequences of Plagiarism. [Online] Available at: http://www.ithenticate.com/resources/6-consequences-of-plagiarism [Accessed 2 Jun.2014]
2.      Go, A. (2008). Two Students Kicked off Semester at Sea for Plagiarism - US News. [online] US News & World Report. Available at: http://www.usnews.com/education/blogs/paper-trail/2008/08/14/two-students-kicked-off-semester-at-sea-for-plagiarism [Accessed 2 Jun. 2014].
3.      Attwood, R. (2008). 143 students expelled for plagiarism. [online] Times Higher Education. Available at: http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/402351.article [Accessed 2 Jun. 2014].
4.      Reyes, B. (2012). Carleen Basler Resigns After Admitting to Plagiarism | The Amherst Student. [online] Available at: http://amherststudent.amherst.edu/?q=article/2012/09/25/basler-resigns-after-admitting-plagiarism [Accessed 2 Jun. 2014].
5.      Moriarty, J. (2012). 7 Famous Plagiarism Cases - and How to Avoid Being a Business Plagiarism Victim. [online] Available at: http://raven.contentraven.com/blog/bid/187344/7-Famous-Plagiarism-Cases-and-How-to-Avoid-Being-a-Business-Plagiarism-Victim [Accessed 2 Jun. 2014].
6. Merritt, J. (April 9th,2014). Online Reputation Management for High School Students | ReputationManagement.com. [online] Reputation Management. Available at: http://www.reputationmanagement.com/online-reputation-management-for-high-school-students/ [Accessed 3 Jun. 2014].
7.Reputation.com, (2014). Why School Teacher Reputation Management is Important. [online] Available at: http://www.reputation.com/reputationwatch/why-school-teacher-reputation-management-important [Accessed 3 Jun. 2014].
8. MacArthur, D. (1964). Douglas MacArthur Quotes at BrainyQuote.com. [online] BrainyQuote. Available at: http://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/quotes/d/douglasmac100483.html [Accessed 3 Jun. 2014].

Solution for plagiarism

Solution to prevent plagiarism:

Lampert (2004), who indicated that students need to learn how integrate information.

According to Usingsources.fas.harvard.edu, (2014). How to Avoid Plagiarism § Harvard Guide to Using Sources. [online] Available at: http://usingsources.fas.harvard.edu/icb/icb.do?keyword=k70847&pageid=icb.page342057 [Accessed 2 Jun. 2014], there is a list of guidelines of avoiding plagiarism:

1. Print electronic sources and keep track of our sources

In order to prevent anything from happening that will affect our assignment, it is better and safer to save all the sources that we have used in a folder. Bookmarking the sources that we have used is also applicable when we are having any wifi connection only, if not, we can’t view the documents or sources we wanted at that moment.

2. Search for sources correctly

We have to search for suitable sources and understand the whole text fully in order to apply the sources in our assignment. We have to be aware of the purpose of writing that particular article or issues in order to prevent involving in any political bias.

3. Planning

We have to plan everything at the beginning before we started any of the process of the assignment. Furthermore, planning is one of the most effective strategy to start off. Without any planning skills, it is almost impossible for us to estimate the time consumed in completing any component of the assignment.

Besides that, according to Panse, S. (2014). Ways to Avoid Plagiarism. [online] Buzzle. Available at: http://www.buzzle.com/articles/ways-to-avoid-plagiarism.html [Accessed 3 Jun. 2014], assume there is deadline for assignment then start working on it early. Therefore, there will be sufficient time for us to do several research and complete the assignment early. All in all, lack of time is one of the factors that people especially stressed-out students plagiarise intentionally or unintentionally. In order to be efficient, the group leader has to arrange a certain amount of jobs to the group members:

a. Taking notes

How can we take note from the internet effectively?

According toStudent.unsw.edu.au, (2014). Notemaking from written text | UNSW Current Students. [online] Available at: https://student.unsw.edu.au/notemaking-written-text [Accessed 2 Jun. 2014], these are the ways that we can take note from the internet effectively:

- Bibliographic details

According to HOW TO WRITE A BIBLIOGRAPHY (HARVARD STYLE). (2004). 1st ed. [ebook] Available at: http://home.mce.nsw.edu.au/uploads/files/bibliography_writing_guide_%28harvard_style%29.pdf [Accessed 3 Jun. 2014], bibliography is a list of all the internet resources that are used in applying in your assignment. We have to record or note down every single appropriate bibliographic details which is the author’s name, title of the article or journal, the location of publication, publisher, the number pages of articles and the details of the internet sources.

- Page layout

First column:

Normally the first column should be our notes according to the articles. This column involves paraphrasing, direct quoting, and also summarising the crucial ideas of the articles.

Second column:

The second column is used for the recording the page number of the information used and also clarify the source of notes that you have taken.

Third column:

Finally, the third section is the most important part among the two column that were mentioned because it is our comment that indicate the similarity difference of idea or perspective between us and the author of the particular article.

b. Avoiding cut and paste, but file and label your source.

By filing the sources that we have found, it enables us to search for sources again easily and it will not cost much of a time wasting.

This image is taken from http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v481/n7379/images/481021a-i1.0.jpg

c. Paraphrase carefully.

What is paraphrase?

According to MIT Comparative Media Studies/Writing, (2014). Avoiding Plagiarism - MIT Comparative Media Studies/Writing. [online] Available at: http://cmsw.mit.edu/writing-and-communication-center/avoiding-plagiarism/, paraphrase is normally putting all the ideas together in our own words. At the same time, the sentence that we have paraphrase is normally shorter than the original. Why do we have to do so? We can simplify complicated sentence into simple sentence.

How would paraphrase been successfully constructed?

Based on Deakin.edu.au, (2014). Summarising, paraphrasing and quoting. [online] Available at: http://www.deakin.edu.au/students/study-support/referencing/summarising-paraphrasing-quoting [Accessed 3 Jun. 2014] :

a. paraphrase is different from picking important points from summary, but rephrasing a specific or certain part of the text.

b. The structure of the sentence and the vocabulary have been changed or replaced but the overall meaning still remains.

c. The beginning of the sentence is used to introduce the paraphrased materials, for instance, opposes, outlined, praises and more.

d. In-text citations and page numbers must be provided

e. Reference list must also be prepared in order to provide bibliographic details.

According to Mesacc.edu, (2014). Avoid Plagiarism: Quoting, Paraphrasing, and Summarizing. [online] Available at: http://www.mesacc.edu/~paoih30491/ArgumentsQuoteSummarizeParaphr.html [Accessed 3 Jun. 2014], there are 8 steps leading to effective paraphrasing:

i. Keep on reading the passage all over again until you fully understand what it is about.

ii. Remove the original copy off your sight and write it in a paper or a notecard.

iii. Note down some words below to remind you of how to figure out applying this useful materials in your assignment.

iv. Write key words to show the subject of the paraphrase

v. Check the interpretation with the original copy and make sure all the essential key points and similar meaning are accurate.

vi. Apply quotation marks that you have used any information from the source.

vii. Record or note down the source anywhere visible, so it enables you give the author credit easily if you want to apply this particular information in your assignment.

viii. TIPS: Students who like to read and highlight certain points to ensure that they already had understood it. Next, put every original copy away and start writing the paraphrase.

d. Avoid reading classmates’ coursework for inspiration.

If you are having trouble or struggling on what to write for the information on your assignment, it is not an ideal idea to read any coursework from anyone of your classmate. It is because you will somehow copy your classmate’s assignment unintentionally.

e. Save our cite right away

We should add citation in our notes or our drafts. Without citing, you will lose track of what you are doing easily.

What is citation?

According to Library.tamu.edu, (2014). What is a Citation?. [online] Available at: http://library.tamu.edu/help/help-yourself/using-materials-services/online-tutorials/citing-sources/index.html [Accessed 3 Jun. 2014], citation is a path that allow you to acknowledge the sources and allow the reader to find out those sources through the information shown.

Why should we cite our sources?

Based on Integrity.mit.edu, (2014). Avoiding Plagiarism - Cite Your Source | Academic Integrity at MIT. [online] Available at: https://integrity.mit.edu/citing-your-sources/avoiding-plagiarism-cite-your-source [Accessed 3 Jun. 2014], there are 3 reasons which are listed:

1. Notice the readers that you have completed your research.

2. Giving credit to the author of the source.

3. Indicate the sources that may be useful to them.

4. Allowing them to search for their respective answer if they have any question.

f. Quote our sources carefully

Based on Mesacc.edu, (2014). Avoid Plagiarism: Quoting, Paraphrasing, and Summarizing. [online] Available at: http://www.mesacc.edu/~paoih30491/ArgumentsQuoteSummarizeParaphr.html [Accessed 3 Jun. 2014], the meaning of quotation is the sentence must be the same as the original by using a specific section of the source and credit must be given to the author.

According to Ilrb.cf.ac.uk, (2014). Harvard Referencing Tutorial. [online] Available at: https://ilrb.cf.ac.uk/citingreferences/tutorial/quotation2.html [Accessed 3 Jun. 2014], if you are quoting the whole sentence which is copied directly, you must separate the author’s word and your point or idea.

· Short quotes

According to Ilrb.cf.ac.uk, (2014). Harvard Referencing Tutorial. [online] Available at: https://ilrb.cf.ac.uk/citingreferences/tutorial/quotation2.html [Accessed 3 Jun. 2014], you are required to enclose the writer’s sentence or phrase in double quotation marks in your sentence.

· Long quotes

According to Harvard Referencing. (2014). 1st ed. [ebook] p.3. Available at: http://www.wlv.ac.uk/lib/PDF/LS067%20Harvard2014.pdf [Accessed 3 Jun. 2014], long quotes which is more than 4 lines, the quotation should be indented and quotation marks are not required.